What is endocrinologist?
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Hormone specialist.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing next to disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions call hormones.
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Endocrinology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing beside disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions call hormones.
Contents [hide]
1 Function of endocrine organs, hormones and receptors
2 Chemical classes of hormones
2.1 Amines
2.2 Peptide and Protein
2.3 Steroid
3 History and Key Discoveries of Endocrinology
4 Endocrinology as a profession
4.1 Work
4.2 Training
4.3 Professional organizations
5 Diseases
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
8.1 Societies and associations
[edit] Function of endocrine organs, hormones and receptors
Hormones are molecules that perform as signals from one type of cells to another. Most hormones arrive at their targets via the blood.
All multicellular organisms requirement "coordinating systems to regulate and integrate the function of differentiating cells." Two mechanism perform this function within higher animals: the jumpy system and the endocrine system. The endocrine system acts through the release (generally into the blood) of chemical agents and is central to the proper development and function of organisms. As Hadley resume,[1] the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation (including histogenesis and organogenesis) and the coordination of metabolism, respiration, excretion, movement, reproduction, and sensory perception depend on "chemical cues, substances synthesised and secreted by the specialised cells inwardly the animal."
Endocrinology is concerned with the study of the biosynthesis, storage, chemistry, and physiological function of hormones and beside the cells of the endocrine glands and tissues that bury them.
The endocrine system consists of several glands, in different parts of the body, that secrete hormones directly into the blood fairly than into a duct system. Hormones have various different functions and modes of action; one hormone may enjoy several effects on different target organs, and, conversely, one target organ may be affected by more than one hormone.
In the inventive 1902 definition by Bayliss and Starling (see below), they specified that, to be classified as a hormone, a chemical must be produced by an organ, be released (in small amounts) into the blood, and be transported by the blood to a distant organ to exert its specific function. This definition holds for most 'classical' hormones, but there are also paracrine mechanism (chemical communication between cells inwardly a tissue or organ), autocrine signals (a chemical that acts on impossible to tell apart cell), and intracrine signals (a chemical that acts inwardly the same cell).[2] A neuroendocrine signal is a 'classical' hormone i.e. released into the blood by a neurosecretory neuron (see article on Neuroendocrinology).
Hormones act by binding to specific receptors in the target organ. As Baulieu report, a receptor has at lowest possible two basic constituents:
a acceptance site, to which the hormone binds
an effector site, which precipitates the modification of cellular function.[3]
Between these is a "transduction mechanism" in which hormone binding induces allosteric modification that, in turn, produces the appropriate response.
[edit] Chemical classes of hormones
Amine hormones: norepinephrine and triiodothryonine
Steroid hormones: cortisol and vitamin D3Griffin and Ojeda identify three different classes of hormone base on their chemical composition:[4]
[edit] Amines
Amines, such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, are derived from single amino acids, in this valise tyrosine. Thyroid hormones such as 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,5,3’,5’-tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine, T4) make up a subset of this class because they derive from the combination of two iodinated tyrosine amino sharp residues.
[edit] Peptide and Protein
Peptide hormones and protein hormones consist of three (in the case of thyrotropin-releasing hormone) to more than 200 (in the skin of follicle-stimulating hormone) amino acid residues and can enjoy molecular weights as large as 30,000. All hormones secreted by the pituitary gland are peptide hormones, as are leptin from adipocytes, ghrelin from the stomach, and insulin from the pancreas.
[edit] Steroid
Steroid hormones are converted from their parent compound, cholesterol. Mammalian steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestagens.
[edit] History and Key Discoveries of Endocrinology
The study of endocrinology begin when Berthold noted that castrated cockerels did not develop combs and wattles or exhibit overtly male ways.[5] He found that replacement of testes back into the abdominal cavity of like peas in a pod bird or another castrated bird resulted in majority behavioural and morphological development, and he concluded (erroneously) that the testes secreted a substance that "conditioned" the blood that, contained by turn, acted on the body of the cockerel. In fact, one of two other things could own been true: that the testes modified or activate a constituent of the blood or that the testes removed an inhibitory factor from the blood. It was not proven that the testes released a substance that engender male characteristics until it be shown that the extract of testes could replace their function in castrated animals. Pure, crystalline testosterone be isolated in 1935.[6]
Although most of the relevant tissues and endocrine glands have been identified by precipitate anatomists, a more humoral approach to understanding biological function and disease be favoured by classical thinker such as Aristotle, Hippocrates, Lucretius, Celsus, and Galen, according to Freeman et al,[7] and these theories held sway until the advent of germ theory, physiology, and organ font of pathology in the 19th century...
In 1902 Bayliss and Starling perform an experiment in which they observed that bitter instilled into the duodenum caused the pancreas to initiate secretion, even after they had removed adjectives nervous connections between the two.[8] The same response could be produced by injecting extract of jejunum mucosa into jugular capillary, showing that some factor in the mucosa was responsible. They name this substance "secretin" and coined the term "hormone" for chemicals that deed in this track.
von Mering and Munkowski made the observation within 1889 that removing the pancreas surgically led to an increase in blood sugar, followed by a coma and eventual passing -- symptoms of diabetes mellitus. In 1922, Banting and Best realized that homogenizing the pancreas and injecting the derived extract reversed this condition.[9] The hormone responsible, insulin, be not discovered until Frederick Sanger sequenced it in 1953.
Neurohormones be first identified by Otto Loewi in 1921.[10] He incubated a frog's heart (innervated next to its vagus nerve attached) surrounded by a saline bath, and not here in the solution for some time. The solution be then used to go for a dip a non-innervated second heart. If the vagus nerve on the first heart be stimulated, negative inotropic (beat amplitude) and chronotropic (beat rate) commotion were see in both heart. This did not occur within either heart if the vagus fortitude was stimulated. The vagus audacity was calculation something to the saline solution. The effect could be blocked using atropine, a known inhibitor to heart vagal courage stimulation. Clearly, something was man secreted by the vagus nerve and affecting the heart. The "vagusstuff" (as Loewi call it) causing the myotropic effects be later identified to be acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Loewi won the Nobel Prize for his discovery.
Recent work in endocrinology focuses on the molecular mechanism responsible for triggering the effects of hormones. The first example of such work being done be in 1962 by Earl Sutherland. Sutherland investigated whether hormones enter cell to evoke action, or stayed outside of cell. He studied norepinephrine, which acts on the liver to convert glycogen into glucose via the activation of the phosphorylase enzyme. He homogenized the liver into a membrane fraction and soluble fraction (phosphorylase is soluble), added norepinephrine to the membrane fraction, extracted its soluble products, and added them to the first soluble fraction. Phosphorylase activate, indicating that norepinephrine's target receptor was on the cell membrane, not located intracellularly. He following identified the compound as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and with his discovery created the concept of second-messenger-mediated pathway. He, like Loewi, won the Nobel Prize for his groundbreaking work in endocrinology.[11]
[edit] Endocrinology as a profession
Although every organ system secrete and responds to hormones (including the brain, lungs, heart, intestine, skin, and the kidney), the clinical specialty of endocrinology focuses primarily on the endocrine organs, meaning the organs whose primary function is hormone secretion. These organs include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, ovaries, testes, and pancreas.
An endocrinologist is a doctor who specializes in treating disorders of the endocrine system, such as diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and heaps others (see list of diseases below).
[edit] Work
The medical specialty of endocrinology involves the diagnostic evaluation of a all-embracing variety of symptoms and variation and the long-term management of disorders of defect or excess of one or more hormones.
The diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases are guided by laboratory tests to a greater extent than for most specialties. Many diseases are investigated through excitation/stimulation or inhibition/suppression carrying out tests. This might involve injection with a stimulating agent to theory test the function of an endocrine organ. Blood is then sample to assess the changes of the relevant hormones or metabolites. An endocrinologist requests extensive knowledge of clinical chemistry and biochemistry to get the drift the uses and limitations of the investigations.
A second important aspect of the practice of endocrinology is distinguishing human ebb and flow from disease. Atypical patterns of physical nouns and abnormal try-out results must be assessed as indicative of disease or not. Diagnostic imaging of endocrine organs may reveal incidental findings called incidentalomas, which may or may not represent disease.
Endocrinology involves humanitarian for the person as capably as the disease. Most endocrine disorders are chronic diseases that need life-long guardianship. Some of the most common endocrine diseases include diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and the metabolic syndrome. Care of diabetes, podginess and other chronic diseases necessitates sympathy the patient at the personal and social height as well as the molecular, and the physician-patient relationship can be an big therapeutic process.
Apart from treating patients, heaps endocrinologists are involved in clinical science and medical research, teaching, and hospital guidance.
[edit] Training
There are roughly 7,000 to 8,000 endocrinologists in the United States. Endocrinologists are specialists of internal medicine or pediatrics. Reproductive endocrinologists settlement primarily with problems of fertility and menstrual function - habitually training first in obstetrics. Most qualify as an internist, pediatrician, or gynecologist for a few years before specializing, depending on the local training system. In the U.S. and Canada, training for board credentials in internal pills, pediatrics, or gynecology after medical school is call residency. Further formal training to subspecialize in adult, pediatric, or reproductive endocrinology is call a fellowship. Typical training for a North American endocrinologist involves 4 years of college, 4 years of medical school, 3 years of residency, and 3 years of fellowship. Adult endocrinologists are board certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism.
[edit] Professional organizations
In North America the principal professional organizations of endocrinologists include The Endocrine Society,[12] the American Association for Clinical Endocrinology,[13] the American Diabetes Association,[14] the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society,[15] American Thyroid association,[16] and the Academy of Clinical Thyroidologists.[17]
In the United Kingdom, the Society for Endocrinology (www.endocrinology.org) and the British Society of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes[18] are the key professional organisations. The European Society of Paediatric Endocrinology[19] is the largest international professional association dedicated solely to paediatric endocrinology. There are numerous similar associations around the world.
a specialist for glands with internal (i.e. in ur body) secretion. close to for most of the hormones.
Specialist on internal organs like - thyroids, lever, stomach etc...
One who specialises within endocrinology.endocrinology is the science of hormones and the glands secreting them.
Hi, An endocrinologist is a person/doctor who specializes in the field of endocrine glands similar to Thyroid Gland, Ovary, Adrenal Glan, Hypothalamus etc. He/she cures the patient have diseases related to the endocrine glands of our body. Endocrine Glands perform the metabolism of plump, protien etc. These are one of the most important quantity of the body. They are ductless glands as they pour their secretion directly into the blood. If once disturbed it is very firm to cure the disease of endocrine gland. Have a nice day.
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Endocrinologist: One who specializes in endocrinology.Endocrinology: The science and medical specialty concerned with the internal or hormonal secretion and their physiologic and pathologic relations.
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